THREAD(2) THREAD(2)
NAME
alt, chancreate, chanfree, chaninit, proccreate, procdata,
procexec, procexecl, procrfork, recv, recvp, recvul, send,
sendp, sendul, nbrecv, nbrecvp, nbrecvul, nbsend, nbsendp,
nbsendul, threadchdir, threadcreate, threaddata,
threadexits, threadexitsall, threadgetgrp, threadgetname,
threadkill, threadkillgrp, threadmain, threadnonotes,
threadpid, threadprint, threadsetgrp, threadsetname,
threadwaitchan, yield - thread and proc management
SYNOPSIS
#include <u.h>
#include <libc.h>
#include <thread.h>
#define CHANEND 0
#define CHANSND 1
#define CHANRCV 2
#define CHANNOP 3
#define CHANNOBLK 4
typedef struct Alt {
Channel *c;
void *v;
int op;
Channel **tag;
ulong q;
} Alt;
void threadmain(int argc, char *argv[])
int proccreate(void (*f)(void *arg), void *arg,
uint stacksize)
int procrfork(void (*f)(void *arg), void *arg,
uint stacksize, int rforkflag)
int threadcreate(void (*f)(void *arg), void *arg,
uint stacksize)
void yield(void)
void threadexits(char *status)
void threadexitsall(char *status)
Channel *chancreate(int elemsize, int bufsize)
int chaninit(Channel *c, int elemsize, int elemcnt)
int alt(Alt alts[])
int recv(Channel *c, void *v)
ulong recvul(Channel *c)
void *recvp(Channel *c)
int nbrecv(Channel *c, void *v)
ulong nbrecvul(Channel *c)
void *nbrecvp(Channel *c)
int send(Channel *c, void *v)
int sendul(Channel *c, ulong v)
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int sendp(Channel *c, void *v)
int nbsend(Channel *c, void *v)
int nbsendul(Channel *c, ulong v)
int nbsendp(Channel *c, void *v)
void chanfree(Channel *c)
void threadsetname(char *name)
char *threadgetname(void)
ulong *procdata(void)
ulong *threaddata(void)
int threadgetgrp(void)
int threadsetgrp(int group)
void threadkill(int id)
void threadkillgrp(int group)
int threadpid(int id)
void procexecl(Channel *pidc, char *file, ...)
void procexec(Channel *pidc, char *file, char *args[])
Channel *threadwaitchan(void)
int threadprint(int fd, char *format, ...)
DESCRIPTION
The thread library provides parallel-programming support
similar to that of the languages Alef and Newsqueak.
Threads and procs can be created that occupy a shared
address space in which they can communicate through shared
variables and channels. A Channel is a buffered or
unbuffered FIFO for fixed-size messages. Procs and threads
can send messages into the fifo and recv messages from the
fifo. If the fifo is unbuffered, a send operation blocks
until the corresponding recv operation occurs and vice
versa.
A proc is a Plan 9 process that contains one or more
threads. The threads in a proc are coroutines. Runnable
threads are scheduled nonpreemptively in a round-robin fash-
ion. A thread must explicitly relinquish control of the
processor before another thread in the same proc is run.
Calls that do this are yield, send, recv (and the calls
related to send and recv - see their descriptions further
on), alt, and threadexits.
Procs are scheduled by the operating system. Threads in
different procs, therefore, can preempt one another in arbi-
trary ways, unless they explicitly synchronize their actions
using qlocks (see lock(2)) or channel communication.
Blocking system calls such as read(2) do not cause another
thread in the same proc to be scheduled. All threads in a
proc block until the system call finishes.
Thread stacks are in shared memory, making it valid to pass
pointers to stack variables between threads and procs.
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THREAD(2) THREAD(2)
Threads in different procs are scheduled independently and
preemptively. Data structures shared between threads in
different procs need to be protected by a lock(2).
Programs using threads must replace main by threadmain. The
thread library will set up a proc with a single thread and
call threadmain.
A new proc is created by a call to proccreate. The arguments
are a function f with a single void* argument to be called
in the new proc, the argument arg to that function, and the
size of the stack for the new proc. Proccreate returns the
pid of the newly created proc. Processes are created by
calling rfork (see fork(2)) with flags RFPROC and RFMEM.
Procrfork is like proccreate but uses rforkflags or'ed with
RFPROC and RFMEM.
Arg can be used to pass arbitrary data to f. Be aware, how-
ever, that f runs in a new process and that it can take some
time before f is scheduled. Arg should not point to data on
the stack of a function that could return before the new
process is scheduled.
Threadcreate creates a new thread in the proc of the calling
thread. The arguments are the same as those of proccreate.
Threadcreate returns a thread id.
Yield gives up the processor to another thread in the call-
ing proc.
Threadexits causes the calling thread to be destroyed. If
the thread is the only remaining thread in its proc, the
proc exits too (using the exit status supplied to
threadexits).
Threadexitsall kills all threads in the application (and
thus all procs) and exits with the status supplied.
Chancreate creates a buffered or unbuffered Channel. The
arguments are the size of the elements in the channel (must
by greater than zero) and the number of elements in the
fifo. If the number is zero, the channel is blocking (syn-
chronous). If it is greater than zero, the channel is buf-
fered and blocks only if the fifo is empty (recv) or full
(send). Chancreate returns a pointer to the channel cre-
ated.
Chaninit initializes an already allocated channel; elemsize,
and elemcnt are as in chancreate.
Recv receives an element from the channel named by its first
argument and stores it in the location pointed to by its
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THREAD(2) THREAD(2)
second argument. It returns 1 for success, and -1 when it
was interrupted. If the second argument is null, the
received value is ignored.
Recvul and recvp receive an unsigned long or a pointer,
respectively, from a channel whose element size must be
sizeof(ulong) or sizeof(void *).
Nbrecv, nbrecvul, and nbrecvp are non-blocking versions of
recv, recvul, and recvp. Note that nbrecvul and nbrecvp can
also return 0 when the channel is empty. Since 0 is both a
valid data value and an error return, use nbrecv instead if
you wish to distinguish an empty channel from one that con-
tains a zero element.
Send sends the value pointed to by the second parameter to
the channel pointed to by the first parameter. If the value
pointer is 0, zeroes are sent. Send yields, so, if the
receiving thread is blocked and in the same proc, it will
run first.
Sendul, sendp, nbsend, nbsendul, and nbsendp are the spe-
cialized and nonblocking versions, analogous to the recv
family of calls.
Alt can be used to recv from or send to one of a number of
channels. Alt takes as its parameter an array of Alt struc-
tures. Each of these structures describes a potential send
or recv operation: c and v are the channel and value pointer
(which may be nil) and op specifies the operation: CHANSND
for a send operation, CHANRECV for a recv operation; CHANNOP
for no operation-the entry should be skipped. This can be
useful when alt calls are used with a varying set of opera-
tions. The array of Alt structures is terminated by a null
entry whose opcode is CHANEND or CHANNOBLK. CHANNOBLK is a
default entry that `fires' when none of the other operations
can fire. It makes an alt statement non-blocking.
Alt looks for channel operations in the array of Alt struc-
tures that can proceed. If there is one, the associated
send or recv operation occurs. If there is more than one,
one of them is chosen at random and the associated communi-
cation event occurs. If there are none, and the list is
terminated by a CHANEND entry, alt blocks until one of the
operations can proceed. If there are none and the list is
terminated by a CHANNOBLK entry, that entry will fire. Alt
returns the index of the operation that succeeded. The
fields tag and q in the Alt structure are used by the imple-
mentation of alt. They are not used between alt calls.
Chanfree frees a channel that is no longer used. Chanfree
can be called by either sender or receiver after the last
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item has been sent or received. Freeing the channel will be
delayed if there is a thread blocked on it until that thread
unblocks (but chanfree returns instantly).
Threadgetname and threadsetname can be used to read or set
the name of a thread. This can be useful for debugging.
Threadkill kills the thread identified by its thread ID (as
returned by threadcreate) and cleans up its stack.
Procdata returns a pointer to a per-process location (big
enough to hold a pointer) into which applications can store
per-proc data.
Threads have a group number that is inherited on proc and
thread creation, much like a process group. Threadsetgrp
can be used to set this group to an arbitrary integer.
Threadgetgrp returns the group of the current thread.
Threadkillgrp can be used to kill all threads in a group.
Threadpid returns the pid of the proc of the thread whose id
is given. If id equals zero, the pid of the proc of the
current thread is returned and if id does not correspond to
an existing thread, -1 is returned.
Procexecl and procexec may only be called from a thread
which is the sole thread in a proc. The thread is removed
from the program and the process executes independently.
The first argument, if not nil, is a channel on which the
pid of the exec-ed process will be returned.
If the pid channel is set, procexec and procexecl will
return (i.e., fail) if and only if they also send -1 on the
pid channel.
The rest of the arguments are the same as those of execl and
exec (see exec(2)). To simplify resource management, these
routines first use access(2) to check if the file exists and
is executable before attempting to exec(2) it.
Threadwaitchan returns a channel of Waitmsg structures (see
wait(2)). When a proc exits, a message is sent to this chan-
nel. Receiving on this channel will produce the exit status
of the procs exited. The wait channel also produces mes-
sages for procexec-ed processes.
Threadprint behaves exactly like print (see print(2)) but
does not suffer from interference with other threads and
procs, and does not allocate a buffer on the stack.
An extra note of warning. Many routines in libc are not
`thread safe'. One library routine of particular concern is
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atnotify (see notify(2)). The thread library uses atnotify
to implement threadexitall, threadkillgrp, and threadkill.
Do not call notify(2) and expect threadexitall,
threadkillgrp, and threadkill to continue to work. Atnotify
maintains its list of handlers in shared memory. This
implies that, if one thread (on proc) installs a handler
with atnotify, all other procs automatically do so too.
It is safe to use rfork (see fork(2)) to manage the names-
pace, file descriptors, or environment of a single process.
That is, it is safe to call rfork with the flags RFENVG,
RFCENVG, RFNAMEG, RFCNAMEG, RFFDG, and RFCDFG. To create
new processes, use proccreate and procrfork. Because the
thread library depends on all procs being in the same note
and rendezvous groups, these groups should not be changed
with rfork. To deafen a threaded program to notes for the
parent process's group, call threadnonotes instead of using
rfork(RFNOTEG).
Procdata and threaddata return pointers to a single ulong
that may be used to store per-proc or per-thread data.
EXAMPLE
A complete example follows. Threadmain spawns two subpro-
cesses, one to read the mouse, and one to receive timer
events. The events are sent via a channel to the main proc
which prints a word when an event comes in. When mouse but-
ton three is pressed, the application terminates.
#include <u.h>
#include <libc.h>
#include <thread.h>
#define STACKSIZE (2*1024)
void
error(char *fmt, ...)
{
int n;
va_list arg;
va_start(arg, fmt);
fprint(2, fmt, arg);
threadexitsall("error");
}
void
mouseproc(void *mc) {
char m[48];
int mfd;
Channel* mousechan = mc;
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if ((mfd = open("/dev/mouse", OREAD)) < 0)
error("open /dev/mouse: %r\n");
for (;;) {
if (read(mfd, &m, sizeof(m)) != sizeof(m) ||
atoi(m+25) & 4) { /* EOF || button 3 down */
error("quit\n");
}
send(mousechan, &m);
}
}
void
clockproc(void *cc) {
int t = 0;
Channel* clockchan = cc;
while (++t) {
sleep(1000);
send(clockchan, &t);
}
}
void
threadmain(int argc, char *argv[]) {
char m[48];
int t;
Alt a[] = {
/* c v op */
{nil, &m, CHANRCV},
{nil, &t, CHANRCV},
{nil, nil, CHANEND},
};
/* create mouse event channel and mouse process */
a[0].c = chancreate(sizeof(m), 0);
proccreate(mouseproc, (void *)(a[0].c), STACKSIZE);
/* create clock event channel and clock process */
a[1].c = chancreate(sizeof(t), 0); /* clock event channel */
proccreate(clockproc, (void *)(a[1].c), STACKSIZE);
for (;;) {
switch(alt(a)) {
case 0: /*mouse event */
fprint(2, "click ");
break;
case 1: /* clock event */
fprint(2, "tic ");
break;
default:
error("impossible");
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THREAD(2) THREAD(2)
}
}
}
FILES
/sys/lib/acid/thread contains useful acid(1) functions for
debugging threaded programs.
SOURCE
/sys/src/libthread
SEE ALSO
intro(2)
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