DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
NAME
Image - pictures and drawing
SYNOPSIS
include "draw.m";
draw := load Draw Draw->PATH;
# compositing operators
SinD: con 1<<3;
DinS: con 1<<2;
SoutD: con 1<<1;
DoutS: con 1<<0;
S: con SinD|SoutD;
SoverD: con SinD|SoutD|DoutS;
SatopD: con SinD|DoutS;
SxorD: con SoutD|DoutS;
D: con DinS|DoutS;
DoverS: con DinS|DoutS|SoutD;
DatopS: con DinS|SoutD;
DxorS: con DoutS|SoutD;
Clear: con 0;
Image: adt
{
r: Rect;
clipr: Rect;
chans: Chans;
depth: int;
repl: int;
display: ref Display;
screen: ref Screen;
draw: fn(dst: self ref Image, r: Rect, src: ref Image,
mask: ref Image, p: Point);
drawop: fn(dst: self ref Image, r: Rect, src: ref Image,
mask: ref Image, p: Point, op: int);
gendraw: fn(dst: self ref Image, r: Rect, src: ref Image,
p0: Point, mask: ref Image, p1: Point);
gendrawop: fn(dst: self ref Image, r: Rect, src: ref Image,
p0: Point, mask: ref Image, p1: Point, op: int);
line: fn(dst: self ref Image, p0,p1: Point,
end0,end1,thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point);
lineop: fn(dst: self ref Image, p0,p1: Point,
end0,end1,thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
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DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
poly: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: array of Point,
end0,end1,thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point);
polyop: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: array of Point,
end0,end1,thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
bezspline: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: array of Point,
end0,end1,thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point);
bezsplineop: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: array of Point,
end0,end1,thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
fillpoly: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: array of Point,
wind: int, src: ref Image, sp: Point);
fillpolyop: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: array of Point,
wind: int, src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
fillbezspline: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: array of Point,
wind: int, src: ref Image, sp: Point);
fillbezsplineop: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: array of Point,
wind: int, src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
ellipse: fn(dst: self ref Image, c: Point, a, b,
thick: int, src: ref Image, sp: Point);
ellipseop: fn(dst: self ref Image, c: Point, a, b,
thick: int, src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
fillellipse:fn(dst: self ref Image, c: Point, a, b: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point);
fillellipseop:fn(dst: self ref Image, c: Point, a, b: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
arc: fn(dst: self ref Image, c: Point, a, b, thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, alpha, phi: int);
arcop: fn(dst: self ref Image, c: Point, a, b, thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point,
alpha, phi: int, op: int);
fillarc: fn(dst: self ref Image, c: Point, a, b: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, alpha, phi: int);
fillarcop: fn(dst: self ref Image, c: Point, a, b: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point,
alpha, phi: int, op: int);
bezier: fn(dst: self ref Image, a,b,c,d: Point,
end0,end1,thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point);
bezierop: fn(dst: self ref Image, a,b,c,d: Point,
end0,end1,thick: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
fillbezier: fn(dst: self ref Image, a,b,c,d: Point, wind:int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point);
fillbezierop: fn(dst: self ref Image, a,b,c,d: Point, wind:int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
arrow: fn(a,b,c: int): int;
text: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: Point, src: ref Image,
sp: Point, font: ref Font, str: string): Point;
textop: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: Point, src: ref Image,
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DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
sp: Point, font: ref Font, str: string,
op: int): Point;
textbg: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: Point, src: ref Image,
sp: Point, font: ref Font, str: string,
bg: ref Image, bgp: Point): Point;
textbgop: fn(dst: self ref Image, p: Point, src: ref Image,
sp: Point, font: ref Font, str: string,
bg: ref Image, bgp: Point, op: int): Point;
border: fn(dst: self ref Image, r: Rect, i: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point);
borderop: fn(dst: self ref Image, r: Rect, i: int,
src: ref Image, sp: Point, op: int);
readpixels: fn(src: self ref Image, r: Rect,
data: array of byte): int;
writepixels:fn(dst: self ref Image, r: Rect,
data: array of byte): int;
name: fn(im: self ref Image, s: string, in: int): int;
top: fn(win: self ref Image);
bottom: fn(win: self ref Image);
flush: fn(win: self ref Image, func: int);
origin: fn(win: self ref Image, log, scr: Point): int;
};
DESCRIPTION
The Image type defines rectangular pictures and the methods
to draw upon them; it is also the building block for higher
level objects such as windows and fonts. In particular, a
window is represented as an Image; no special operators are
needed to draw on a window. Off-screen images can have an
alpha channel, which gives each pixel an opacity factor,
which in turn allows non-rectangular images to be defined
(ie, pixels made fully transparent by the alpha channel do
not appear when the image is displayed). Many drawing oper-
ations allow images to be shaped, or partial transparency
added, by using the alpha channel of another image as a mask
(also called a `matte'). There are two functions in Image
for each such operation. One has an op suffix, and takes an
explicit image compositing operator: S, D, SinD,..., SoverD
and so on. (See the Porter-Duff paper mentioned below for
the meaning of each operation.) The other function (without
the op suffix) provides as its default operation the most
common operation, SoverD, by which the source image, within
its matte, is drawn over the destination image.
An Image has a pixel channel structure as described in
colour(6), represented by a value of the Chans adt, defined
in draw-display(2). The channel structure of an image is
fixed when the image is allocated.
Image has the following components:
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DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
display Tells on which display the image resides.
screen If the image is a window on a Screen (see draw-
screen(2)), this field refers to that screen; oth-
erwise it is nil.
r The coordinates of the rectangle in the plane for
which the Image has defined pixel values. It
should not be modified after the image is created.
clipr The clipping rectangle: operations that read or
write the image will not access pixels outside
clipr. Frequently, clipr is the same as Image.r,
but it may differ; see in particular the discus-
sion of Image.repl. The clipping region may be
modified dynamically.
chans The pixel channel structure of the image; the
value should not be modified after the image is
created.
depth The number of bits per pixel in the picture: it is
simply a convenience since it is necessarily equal
to chans.depth(), and it should not be modified
after the image is created.
repl A boolean value specifying whether the image is
tiled to cover the plane when used as a source for
a drawing operation. If Image.repl is zero, oper-
ations are restricted to the intersection of
Image.r and Image.clipr. If Image.repl is set,
Image.r defines the tile to be replicated and
Image.clipr defines the portion of the plane cov-
ered by the tiling, in other words, Image.r is
replicated to cover Image.clipr; in such cases
Image.r and Image.clipr are independent.
For example, a replicated image with Image.r set
to ((0, 0), (1, 1)) and Image.clipr set to
((0, 0), (100, 100)), with the single pixel of
Image.r set to blue, behaves identically to an
image with Image.r and Image.clipr both set to
((0, 0), (100, 100)) and all pixels set to blue.
However, the first image requires far less memory.
The replication flag may be modified dynamically
along with the clipping rectangle.
dst.draw(r, src, mask, p)
dst.drawop(r, src, mask, p, op)
Draw is the standard drawing function. Only those
pixels within the intersection of dst.r and
dst.clipr will be affected; draw ignores dst.repl.
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DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
The operation proceeds as follows (this is a
description of the behavior, not the implementa-
tion):
1. If repl is set in src or mask, replicate
their contents to fill their clip rectangles.
2. Translate src and mask so p is aligned with
r.min.
3. Set r to the intersection of r and dst.r.
4. Intersect r with src.clipr. If src.repl is
false, also intersect r with src.r.
5. Intersect r with mask.clipr. If mask.repl is
false, also intersect r with mask.r.
6. For each location in r, combine the dst pixel
using the alpha value corresponding to the
mask pixel. If the mask has an explicit
alpha channel, the alpha value corresponding
to the mask pixel is simply that pixel's
alpha channel. Otherwise, the alpha value is
the NTSC greyscale equivalent of the colour
value, with white meaning opaque and black
transparent.
In terms of the Porter-Duff compositing algebra,
draw replaces the dst pixels with (src in mask)
over dst. Drawop is almost identical, but applies
the compositing operation op instead: (src in
mask) op dst.
The various pixel channel formats involved need
not be identical. If the channels involved are
smaller than 8-bits, they will be promoted before
the calculation by replicating the extant bits;
after the calculation, they will be truncated to
their proper sizes. For draw and gendraw only, if
mask is nil, no mask is used.
dst.gendraw(r, src, p0, mask, p1)
dst.gendrawop(r, src, p0, mask, p1, op)
Similar to draw() except that it aligns the source
and mask differently: src is aligned so p0 corre-
sponds to r.min and mask is aligned so p1 corre-
sponds to r.min. For most purposes with simple
masks and source images, draw is sufficient, but
gendraw is the general operator and the one the
other drawing primitives are built upon.
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DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
dst.line(p0, p1, end0, end1, thick, src, sp)
dst.lineop(p0, p1, end0, end1, thick, src, sp, op)
Line draws in dst a line of width 1+2*thick pixels
joining points p0 and p1. The line is drawn using
pixels from the src image aligned so sp in the
source corresponds to p0 in the destination. The
line touches both p0 and p1, and end0 and end1
specify how the ends of the line are drawn.
Draw->Endsquare terminates the line perpendicu-
larly to the direction of the line; a thick line
with Endsquare on both ends will be a rectangle.
Draw->Enddisc terminates the line by drawing a
disc of diameter 1+2*thick centered on the end
point. Draw->Endarrow terminates the line with an
arrowhead whose tip touches the endpoint. See the
description of arrow for more information.
Line and the other geometrical operators are
equivalent to calls to gendraw using a mask pro-
duced by the geometric procedure.
dst.poly(p, end0, end1, thick, src, sp)
dst.polyop(p, end0, end1, thick, src, sp, op)
Poly draws a general polygon; it is equivalent to
a series of calls to line joining adjacent points
in the array of Points p. The ends of the polygon
are specified as in line; interior lines are ter-
minated with Enddisc to make smooth joins. The
source is aligned so sp corresponds to p[0].
dst.bezspline(p, end0, end1, thick, src, sp)
dst.bezsplineop(p, end0, end1, thick, src, sp, op)
Bezspline takes the same arguments as poly but
draws a quadratic B-spline (despite its name)
rather than a polygon. If the first and last
points in p are equal, the spline has periodic end
conditions.
dst.fillpoly(p, wind, src, sp)
dst.fillpolyop(p, wind, src, sp, op)
Fillpoly is like poly but fills in the resulting
polygon rather than outlining it. The source is
aligned so sp corresponds to p[0]. The winding
rule parameter wind resolves ambiguities about
what to fill if the polygon is self-intersecting.
If wind is ~0, a pixel is inside the polygon if
the polygon's winding number about the point is
non-zero. If wind is 1, a pixel is inside if the
winding number is odd. Complementary values (0 or
~1) cause outside pixels to be filled. The mean-
ing of other values is undefined. The polygon is
closed with a line if necessary.
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dst.fillbezspline(p, wind, src, sp)
dst.fillbezsplineop(p, wind, src, sp, op)
Fillbezspline is like fillpoly but fills the qua-
dratic B-spline rather than the polygon outlined
by p. The spline is closed with a line if neces-
sary.
dst.ellipse(c, a, b, thick, src, sp)
dst.ellipseop(c, a, b, thick, src, sp, op)
Ellipse draws in dst an ellipse centered on c with
horizontal and vertical semiaxes a and b. The
source is aligned so sp in src corresponds to c in
dst. The ellipse is drawn with thickness
1+2*thick.
dst.fillellipse(c, a, b, src, sp)
dst.fillellipseop(c, a, b, src, sp, op)
Fillellipse is like ellipse but fills the ellipse
rather than outlining it.
dst.arc(c, a, b, thick, src, sp, alpha, phi)
dst.arcop(c, a, b, thick, src, sp, alpha, phi, op)
Arc is like ellipse, but draws only that portion
of the ellipse starting at angle alpha and extend-
ing through an angle of phi. The angles are mea-
sured in degrees counterclockwise from the posi-
tive x axis.
dst.fillarc(c, a, b, src, sp, alpha, phi)
dst.fillarcop(c, a, b, src, sp, alpha, phi, op)
Fillarc is like arc, but fills the sector with the
source color.
dst.bezier(a, b, c, d, end0, end1, thick, src, sp)
dst.bezierop(a, b, c, d, end0, end1, thick, src, sp, op)
Bezier draws the cubic Bezier curve defined by
Points a, b, c, and d. The end styles are deter-
mined by end0 and end1; the thickness of the curve
is 1+2*thick. The source is aligned so sp in src
corresponds to a in dst.
dst.fillbezier(a, b, c, d, wind, src, sp)
dst.fillbezierop(a, b, c, d, wind, src, sp, op)
Fillbezier is to bezier as fillpoly is to poly.
arrow(a, b, c)
Arrow is a function to describe general arrow-
heads; its result is passed as end parameters to
line, poly, etc. If all three parameters are
zero, it produces the default arrowhead, other-
wise, a sets the distance along line from end of
the regular line to tip, b sets the distance along
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DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
line from the barb to the tip, and c sets the dis-
tance perpendicular to the line from edge of line
to the tip of the barb, all in pixels.
dst.border(r, i, src, sp)
dst.borderop(r, i, src, sp, op)
Border draws in dst an outline of rectangle r in
the given src colour. The outline has width i; if
positive, the border goes inside the rectangle;
negative, outside. The source is aligned so sp
corresponds to r.min.
dst.text(p, src, sp, font, str)
dst.textop(p, src, sp, font, str, op)
dst.textbg(p, src, sp, font, str, bg, bgp)
dst.textbgop(p, src, sp, font, str, bg, bgp, op)
Text draws in dst characters specified by the
string str and font font; it is equivalent to a
series of calls to gendraw using source src and
masks determined by the character shapes. The
text is positioned with the left of the first
character at p.x and the top of the line of text
at p.y. The source is positioned so sp in src
corresponds to p in dst. Text returns a Point that
is the position of the next character that would
be drawn if the string were longer.
For characters with undefined or zero-width images
in the font, the character at font position 0
(NUL) is drawn.
Text draws the text leaving the background intact.
Textbg draws the background colour bg behind the
characters, with the alignment specified by point
bgp; it is otherwise the same as text.
src.readpixels(r, data)
Readpixels fills the data array with pixels from
the specified rectangle of the src image. The
pixels are presented one horizontal line at a
time, starting with the top-left pixel of r. Each
scan line starts with a new byte in the array,
leaving the last byte of the previous line par-
tially empty, if necessary. Pixels are packed as
tightly as possible within data, regardless of the
rectangle being extracted. Bytes are filled from
most to least significant bit order, as the x
coordinate increases, aligned so x=0 would appear
as the leftmost pixel of its byte. Thus, for a
1-bit deep greyscale image, the pixel at x offset
165 within the rectangle will be in a data byte
with mask value 16r04 regardless of the overall
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DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
rectangle: 165 mod 8 equals 5, and 16r80 >> 5
equals 16r04. It is an error to call readpixels
with an array that is too small to hold the
rectangle's pixels. The return value is the num-
ber of bytes copied. The arrangement of pixels in
arrays of bytes is described in image(6).
dst.writepixels(r, data)
Writepixels copies pixel values from the data
array to the specified rectangle in the dst image.
The format of the data is that produced by
readpixels. The return value is the number of
bytes copied. It is an error to call writepixels
with an array that is too small to fill the rect-
angle.
im.name(s,in)
Publish the image im on its display under name s,
if in is non-zero; otherwise, s must be an already
published name and it is withdrawn from publica-
tion. A published image can be retrieved using
Display.namedimage (see draw-display(2)). This
function returns -1 on error, typically because
the name is already in use (for in non-zero), or
does not exist (for in zero).
win.top() If the image win is a window, top pulls it to the
``top'' of the stack of windows on its Screen,
perhaps obscuring other images. If win is not a
window, top has no effect.
win.bottom()
If the image win is a window, bottom pulls it to
the ``bottom'' of the stack of windows on its
Screen, perhaps obscuring it. If win is not a
window, bottom has no effect.
image.flush(flag)
The connection to a display has a buffer used to
gather graphics requests generated by calls to the
draw library. By default, the library flushes the
buffer at the conclusion of any call that affects
the visible display image itself. The flush rou-
tine allows finer control of buffer management.
The flag has three possible values: Flushoff turns
off all automatic flushing caused by writes to
image, typically a window or the display image
itself (buffers may still be written when they
fill or when other objects on the display are mod-
ified); Flushnow causes the buffer to be flushed
immediately; and Flushon restores the default
behaviour.
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DRAW-IMAGE(2) DRAW-IMAGE(2)
win.origin(log, scr)
When a window is created (see draw-screen(2)), the
coordinate system within the window is identical
to that of the screen: the upper left corner of
the window rectangle is its physical location on
the display, not for example (0, 0). This symme-
try may be broken, however: origin allows control
of the location of the window on the display and
the coordinate system used by programs drawing on
the window. The first argument, log, sets the
upper left corner of the logical (in-window) coor-
dinate system without changing the position of the
window on the screen. The second argument, scr,
sets the upper left corner of physical (on-screen)
coordinate system, that is, the window's location
on the display, without changing the internal
coordinate system. Therefore, changing scr with-
out changing log moves the window without requir-
ing the client using it to be notified of the
change; changing log without changing scr allows
the client to set up a private coordinate system
regardless of the window's location. It is per-
missible for values of scr to move some or all of
the window off screen. Origin returns -1 if the
image is not a window or, in the case of changes
to scr, if there are insufficient resources avail-
able to move the window; otherwise it returns 1.
SOURCE
/libdraw
SEE ALSO
draw-intro(2), draw-display(2), draw-point(2), draw-rect(2),
draw-screen(2), colour(6), image(6), font(6) utf(6)
T. Porter, T. Duff. ``Compositing Digital Images'',
Computer Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH), 18:3, pp. 253-259, 1984.
DIAGNOSTICS
These functions raise exceptions if argument images are nil,
except for draw and gendraw where the mask image is optional
and may be nil.
BUGS
Anti-aliased characters can be drawn by defining a font with
multiple bits per pixel, but there are no anti-aliasing geo-
metric primitives.
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